Computational modeling supported the surrogacy of the C-3 fluorescent DHT analog as a tool to study 17-oxidoreductases for intracrine, androgen metabolism.While the effects of COVID-19 are being felt globally, the pandemic disproportionately affects lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) by exacerbating existing global health disparities. In this article, we illustrate how intersecting upstream social determinants of global health form a disparity pathway that compromises LMICs’ ability to respond to the pandemic. this website We consider pre-existing disease burden and baseline susceptibility, limited disease prevention resources, and unequal access to basic and specialized health care, essential drugs, and clinical trials. Recognizing that ongoing and underlying disparity issues will require long-term correction efforts, this pathway approach is nonetheless helpful to inform ethical responses to this global pandemic. It can facilitate international cooperation during the pandemic to reduce the disparate burdens among different regions without imposing significant burden on any particular contributor. The pathway approach allows international stakeholders in various social positions to respond to different components of the pathway based on their respective strengths and resources to help break the cycle of global health inequity. Guided by the ethical principles of relational and pragmatic solidarity, we argue for a coordinated global division of labor such that different stakeholders can collaborate to foster equitable healthcare access during this pandemic.Although negative associations between the frequency and intensity of marital conflict and children’s adjustment are well documented, less is known about how parents’ conflict styles are related to children’s developmental outcomes. The present study examines whether exposure to different types of parents’ conflict styles, during a child’s first year of life, is related to children’s behavioral outcomes in the first grade. Parents’ conflict resolution styles (CRSs) and child outcomes were examined in a sample of 150 working-class, first-time parents and their children. It was hypothesized that infants’ exposure to more conflictual conflict resolution styles would predict poorer child outcomes over time. Results revealed that parents’ unique conflict styles mattered in unique ways for children’s development, but also that the interaction of parents’ styles, their dyadic conflict patterns, was also related to child outcomes. Results revealed that higher levels of parents’ depressive or angry CRSs in the first year predicted more internalizing problems for children, while constructive CRS was related to fewer externalizing problems. However, gender effects showed that higher rates of parental compliance during conflict were related to more internalizing problems in girls. Furthermore, dyadic results revealed that having one parent angrily engage in conflict and the other parent – withdraw, comply or angrily engage – was related to more externalizing problems for boys. Overall, results showed that parents’ different conflict resolution styles, during a child’s first year of life, are related to their children’s developmental outcomes 6 years later. These results emphasize children’s early vulnerability to parental conflict and hold implications for clinicians and practioners.Few studies have investigated the short-term effects of a very low carbohydrate ketogenic diet (KD) on body composition and substrate utilization in trained individuals. This study investigated effects on substrate utilization during incremental exercise, and changes in body composition, in response to seven days ad libitum consumption of a KD by athletes from endurance sports. Nine young trained males (age, 21.8 ± 1.9 y; height, 1.83 ± 0.11 m; body mass, 78.4 ± 13.8 kg; body fat, 14.9 ± 3.9%; VO2peak, 54.3 ± 5.9 mL kg-1 min-1) were assessed before (day 0; PRE) and after (day 7; POST) seven days of consuming an ad libitum KD. Following an overnight fast, body composition was measured by dual x-ray absorptiometry, and substrate utilization was measured during an incremental (3 min stages, 35 W increments) exercise test on a cycle ergometer. After KD, Wmax (PRE, 295 ± 30 W; POST, 292 ± 38 W) and VO2peak (PRE, 4.18 ± 0.33 L min-1; POST, 4.10 ± 0.43 L min-1) were unchanged, whereas body mass [-2.4 (-3.2, -1.6) kg; P less then 0.001, d = 0.21], fat mass [-0.78 (-1.10, -0.46) kg; P less then 0.001, d = 0.22] and fat-free mass (FFM) [-1.82 (-3.12, -0.51) kg; P = 0.013, d = 0.22] all decreased. The respiratory exchange ratio was lower, and rates of fat oxidation were higher, at POST across a range of exercise intensities. Maximal fat oxidation rate was ~1.8-fold higher after KD (PRE, 0.54 ± 0.13 g min-1; POST, 0.95 ± 0.24 g min-1; P less then 0.001, d = 2.2). Short-term KD results in loss of both fat mass and FFM, increased rates of fat oxidation and a concomitant reduction in CHO utilization even at moderate-to-high intensities of exercise.The aim was to create a Modern Standard Arabic SCAT5 version for different Arabic dialects. This translation and cross-cultural adaptation was performed in eight stages initial translations, reconciliation of translations and cultural adaptation, back translation, appraisal of back translations, validation of the translation, review and adjustment by reconciliation committee, pretesting in 12 football players and document finalisation. As an alternative to the problematic Months In Reverse Order Test (MIROT) in Arabic, the Serial 3s test (32 Arabic and 30 English participants), the Days of the Week Backwards test (DWBT), and the ‘Adding Serial 3s’ test were tested (30 English and 30 Arabic participants) for accuracy, difficulty and time of completion. The Arabic SCAT5 was similar and comparable to the original English version (7-point Likert scales = less then 2). Testing of the pre-final version of the Arabic SCAT5 took 20.4 (SD 3.4) and 17.7 (SD 3.0) minutes respectively to complete and was found acceptable in terms of clarity, understandability, grammatical correctness and coherence. The Arabic Serial 3s test (subtraction version) was unsuitable due to high completion time, low pass rate and high difficulty perception [time = 47.2 (SD 28.0) s; accuracy = 55.2%; difficulty = 3.2 (SD 1.1)]. The Arabic DWBT was too fast and undemanding for concentration testing [time = 4.6 (SD 1.5) s; accuracy = 90%; difficulty = 1.1 (SD 0.3)]. The Adding Serial 3s tests produced similar completion times [18.4 (SD 6.8) vs. 21.1 (SD 5.3), p = 0.088], accuracy (100%) and self-rated difficulty [English = 2.0 (SD 0.7) vs. Arabic-speaking participants = 2.1 (SD 0.8), p = 0.512] and was therefore adopted to replace the MIROT. This culturally adapted Arabic-SCAT5 questionnaire is the first concussion assessment tool available for Arabic-speaking healthcare providers and athletes. Sport Concussion Assessment Tool 5 (SCAT5). Biol Sport. 2021;38(1)129-144.