decreased significantly after 4 and 6 h.ATP-binding cassette (ABC) transporters represent the largest known group of efflux pumps, utilizing ATP to translocate a broad spectrum of substrates across lipid membranes, which play an important role in phase III of the detoxification process. The presence of ABC transporters and their potential association with insecticide resistance have not been investigated in Aphis gossypii, one of the most economically important agricultural pests worldwide. In this study, the ABC transporter inhibitor-verapamil significantly increased thiamethoxam toxicity against resistant cotton aphids, suggesting that ABCs are involved in thiamethoxam resistance. ABC transporter genes were identified using the A. gossypii genome database and transcriptome data. BMS-986235 A total of 69 ABC transporters were identified and grouped into seven subfamilies (A-G), including 4 ABCAs, 5 ABCBs, 25 ABCCs, 2 ABCDs, 1 ABCE, 4 ABCFs and 30 ABCGs. Of these ABC transporters, 53 were predicted to be functional, 19 were full transporters, 30 were half-transporters and 4 had two NBDs. Subfamilies C and G accounted for 77% (32 and 45%, respectively) of the genes. The transcripts of 20 of 26 ABCs based on the transcriptome were upregulated, and ABCA1, ABCA2, ABCB1, ABCB4, ABCB8, ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCE1, ABCF1, ABCF3, ABCG7, ABCG15, ABCG17, ABCG24, ABCG27, ABCG30, MRP1, MRP7, MRP14 and MRP21 transcripts were significantly increased in the thiamethoxan resistant strain compared to the susceptible strain with qRT-PCR. The suppression of overexpressed ABCs (ABCA2, ABCD1, ABCD2, ABCE1 and ABCG15) significantly increased the thiamethoxam sensitivity of resistant aphids. These results suggest that ABC transporters might be involved in thiamethoxam resistance in A. gossypii and will facilitate further work to validate the functional roles of these ABCs in thiamethoxam resistance. These results are useful for understanding the multiple resistance mechanisms of thiamethoxam and the management of insecticide-resistant cotton aphids.The physiological and iTRAQ-based proteomic analyses were used to reveal the inhibitory roles of pinocembrin on mitochondria of P. italicum and its cell death mechanism. The results show that pinocembrin damages both mitochondrial structure and function. 167 and 807 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were detected in P. italicum mycelia after treatment with pinocembrin for 8 h and 24 h respectively, and the DEPs were significantly enriched in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) pathway, especially for mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complexes I and V. Furthermore, the expression levels of proteins related to programmed cell death (PCD) were significantly up-regulated in mycelia with Pinocembrin incubation for 24 h. Combined with the results of physio-chemical analysis, the data revealed that pinocembrin targeted MRC complexes I and V, to induce ATP depletion, enhance ROS accumulation, stimulate mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening, accelerate the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and promote cytochrome c release from mitochondria to the cytoplasm, which, as a result, effectively triggered three classical types of PCD pathways in mycelia of P. italicum.A polysaccharide DNPE6(11) was purified from Dendrobium nobile Lindl. (D. nobile Lindl.). Its structural characteristic, antiviral activity, and preliminary mechanism were studied. The structural characteristic analysis indicated that DNPE6(11) was a novel homogenous heteropolysaccharide from D. nobile Lindl. Bioactivity assays indicated that DNPE6(11) possessed outstanding curative and inactivating activities against cucumber mosaic virus, which were superior to chitosan oligosaccharide and lentinan. Additionally, DNPE6(11) exhibited notable protective activity against potato virus Y, which was better than Ningnanmycin. Furthermore, the preliminary mechanism study found that DNPE6(11) cannot accumulate salicylic acid to induce systemic acquired resistance, but had a strong binding capacity for cucumber mosaic virus coat protein. Therefore, DNPE6(11) could be considered as a promising antiviral agent to study in the future.Dinotefuran, the third-generation neonicotinoid, has been applied against melon/cotton aphid Aphis gossypii Glover in China. The risk of resistance development, cross-resistance pattern and potential resistance mechanism of dinotefuran in A. gossypii were investigated. A dinotefuran-resistant strain of A. gossypii (DinR) with 74.7-fold resistance was established by continuous selection using dinotefuran. The DinR strain showed a medium level of cross resistance to thiamethoxam (15.2-fold), but no cross resistance to imidacloprid. The synergism assay indicated that piperonyl butoxide and triphenyl phosphate showed synergistic effects on dinotefuran toxicity to the DinR strain with a synergistic ratio of 8.3 and 2.5, respectively, while diethyl maleate showed no synergistic effect. The activities of cytochrome P450 monooxygenase and carboxylesterase were significantly higher in DinR strain than in susceptible strain (SS). Moreover, the gene expression results showed that CYP6CY14, CYP6CY22 and CYP6UN1 were significantly overexpressed in DinR strain compared with SS strain. The expression of CYP6CY14 was 5.8-fold higher in DinR strain than in SS strain. Additionally, the transcription of CYP6CY14, CYP6CY22 and CYP6UN1 in A. gossypii showed dose- and time-dependent responses to dinotefuran exposure. Furthermore, knockdown of CYP6CY14, CYP6CY22 and CYP6UN1 via RNA interference (RNAi) significantly increased mortality of A. gossypii, when A. gossypii was treated with dinotefuran. These results demonstrated the overexpression of CYP6CY14, CYP6CY22 and CYP6UN1 contributed to dinotefuran resistance in A. gossypii.Methyl parathion (MP) is a commonly used organophosphorus insecticide in commercial farming. It is well known that MP exposure can affect the function of nervous, respiratory, cardiovascular and reproductive systems. In our previous report we have demonstrated that MP exposure results in poor oocyte maturation and defective embryo development which is mainly mediated through oxidative stress. The present investigation was designed to explore whether using a potent free radical scavenger like Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) can help in reducing the detrimental effects of MP on the oocytes. For the study, germinal vesicle (GV) stage oocytes collected from the ovaries of adult Swiss albino mice were subjected to in vitro maturation (IVM) in the presence or absence of MP (100 μg/mL) and/or EGCG (0.25 μM). MP significantly reduced the nuclear maturation rate, and resulted in poor cytoplasmic organization which was evident from the altered distribution pattern of mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and abnormal spindle organization.