In zone IV, type IV was the most frequent LA type at L3 (n=44; 88.0%), L4 (n=42; 93.3%), and L5 (n=6; 100%). CONCLUSIONS The risk of LA injury during OLIF is the least when the cage is placed in zones II and III. Care is required during OLIF in zone IV of L3-L5. The fixation pin should be fixed on the upper edge of the lower vertebral body at L1-L2 and L2-L3, and on the lower edge of the upper vertebral body at L3-L4 and L4-L5. BACKGROUND Osteoblastomas are rare primary bone tumors with a predilection for the spine. selleck compound The extraosseous growth pattern is rare to our knowledge, only two cases of fully extraosseous osteoblastomas have been previously reported. CASE DESCRIPTION A 36-year-old man presented with a 7-month history of low back pain radiating to the gluteal area. On examination, a typical L5 radiculopathy was noted. The radiological examinations conducted in the previous months pointed out the rapid growth of an extraosseous mass occluding the right L5-S1 foramen. Partial laminectomy was performed in order to achieve gross total resection. Histological analysis was consistent with osteoblastoma. CONCLUSIONS Osteoblastomas with extraosseous extension are uncommon, and an exclusively extraosseous presentation is anecdotal. This can lead to preoperative misdiagnosis when typical radiological characteristics of bone-forming tumors are missing. We describe the case of an extraosseous lumbar osteoblastoma whose clinical and radiological presentation was suggestive of malignancy. BACKGROUND Patients with single-suture or minor suture craniosynostosis are typically asymptomatic at early presentation; intervention is aimed at reducing the risk of elevated intracranial pressure and associated developmental sequelae. Patients may be symptomatic in cases of major multi-suture syndromic synostoses or delayed diagnosis. Clinical presentation in this context may include headaches, papilledema, cognitive delay, or behavioral issues. Cranial nerve palsies are atypical symptoms of intracranial hypertension in this patient population. CASE DESCRIPTION An 11-month-old otherwise healthy female infant presented with bilateral severe papilledema and left abducens nerve palsy due to non-syndromic near complete bilateral squamosal suture synostosis with associated incomplete sagittal and right lambdoid synostoses. The patient underwent urgent open cranial expansion, with resolution of her papilledema and improvement in eye position and motility. CONCLUSIONS Cranial nerve palsies may be presenting symptoms of intracranial hypertension in patients with craniosynostosis. Multi-disciplinary evaluation and treatment is paramount for appropriate management. OBJECTIVE Transcorporeal tunnel approach is a relatively new alternative of anterior cervical decompression and fusion for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy, with its main advantage being presumably the preservation of the intervertebral space. The aim of the present article is to present the outcomes of the systematic review and meta-analysis regarding the short term outcomes of this surgical technique. METHODS A systematic review and a meta-analysis using the random effects method of the available studies was performed to assess the safety and efficiency of the transcorporeal tunnel approach for cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy. RESULTS In total, 15 eligible studies were identified with a cumulative number of 254 patients. Pooled data yielded a complication rate of 0.053, a failure rate of the technique 0.081, while a patient-reported favourable outcome of 0.94 was documented. The available data did not allow for a definite conclusion on the effects of the technique on the intervertebral space height. CONCLUSIONS While technically challenging, as all minimally invasive methods, the transcorporeal tunnel approach appears to be a safe and efficient option for the treatment of cervical radiculopathy and myelopathy, presenting comparable outcome profiles with alternative open or less invasive techniques. The walnut family Juglandaceae was widely distributed in the Northern Hemisphere while several extant genera now exhibit intercontinental disjunctions. Recent progress in the systematics of Juglandaceae has greatly broadened our knowledge about its origin and evolution. However, there are still uncertainties about the intergeneric relationships within Juglandaceae, and discrepancies between fossil records and inferred divergence times for certain lineages were observed. In this study, well-resolved phylogenies of the Juglandaceae are reconstructed based on both the nuclear RAD-Seq and the whole chloroplast genome data. Our results support the Juglandoideae topology of (Hicoreae, (Platycaryeae, Juglandeae)) at the tribal level. Within Juglandeae, a discordant position of Pterocarya was detected between nuclear and plastid genome data, and a more likely topology (nuclear), (Juglans, (Pterocarya, Cyclocarya)), was discussed based on evidence from molecular data and fossil records. Based on carefully selected fossil calibrations, the divergence times of extant lineages were estimated and they corroborated well with fossil records (especially concerning Juglans and Pterocarya). Four sections within Juglans were strongly supported by the nuclear data. Within Juglans, the incongruent position of J. hopeiensis was recovered between the nuclear and plastid genomes. Yet the origin and evolutionary history of J. cinerea and J. hopeiensis are supported to be complicated and need further clarification. Integrative evidence from the fossil records, phylogeny and lineage divergence times shows that Juglandoideae originated in North America, and migrated to Eurasia via both the Bering and the North Atlantic land bridges. Our study shows the potential of integrative biogeographic studies for illuminating the evolutionary history of Juglandaceae. The anemone-crab mutualism is ubiquitous in temperate and tropical marine environments. In this symbiosis, one or more anemones live on a shell inhabited by a hermit crab and reciprocal phoretic, trophic, and defensive benefits are exchanged between the partners. Sea anemone-hermit crab symbionts belong to three families Hormathiidae (Calliactis and Paracalliactis), Sagartiidae (Carcinactis and Verrillactis), and Actiniidae (Stylobates). Hermit crabs establish most partnerships by detaching anemones and placing them on their shell; sea anemones can also mount shells unaided, triggered by a mollusc-derived substance in the periostracum of the shell. At least partial cooperation by the anemones is necessary for successful establishment of the symbiosis. Here, we expand the evolutionary framework for hormathiid symbionts by generating a phylogeny with at least one member of each actiniarian symbiotic genus with hermit crabs using five molecular markers (16S, 12S, 18S, 28S, CO3). We not only corroborated the results from a previous study by finding two origins of hermit crab symbiosis within Hormathiidae, but also found additional origins for hermit crab symbiosis within Actiniaria.