Conventional T cells recognise protein-derived antigens in the context of Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class Ia and class II molecules and provide anti-microbial and anti-tumour immunity. Conventional T cells have also been implicated in type IV (also termed delayed-type or T cell mediated) hypersensitivity reactions in response to protein-derived allergen antigens. In addition to conventional T cells, subsets of unconventional T cells exist, which recognise non-protein antigens in the context of monomorphic MHC class I-like molecules. These include T cells that are restricted to the cluster of differentiation 1 (CD1) family members, known as CD1-restricted T cells, and mucosal-associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells) that are restricted to the MHC-related protein 1 (MR1). Compared to conventional T cells, much less is known about the immune functions of unconventional T cells and their role in hypersensitivities. Here we review allergen antigen presentation by MHC-I-like molecules, their recognition by unconventional T cells, and the potential role of unconventional T cells in hypersensitivities. We also speculate on possible scenarios of allergen antigen presentation by MHC-I-like molecules to unconventional T cells, the hallmarks of such responses, and the expected frequencies of hypersensitivities within the human population. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.One of the most common sites of extra-thoracic distant metastasis of nonsmall-cell lung cancer is the brain. Our study was performed to discover genes associated with postoperative brain metastasis in operable lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). RNA seq was performed in specimens of primary LUAD from seven patients with brain metastases and 45 patients without recurrence. Immunohistochemical (IHC) assays of the differentially expressed genes were conducted in 272 surgical-resected LUAD specimens. LASSO Cox regression was used to filter genes related to brain metastasis and construct brain metastasis score (BMS). GSE31210 and GSE50081 were used as validation datasets of the model. Gene Set Enrichment Analysis was performed in patients stratified by risk of brain metastasis in the TCGA database. Through the initial screening, eight genes (CDK1, KPNA2, KIF11, ASPM, CEP55, HJURP, TYMS and TTK) were selected for IHC analyses. The BMS based on protein expression levels of five genes (TYMS, CDK1, HJURP, CEP55 and KIF11) was highly predictive of brain metastasis in our cohort (12-month AUC 0.791, 36-month AUC 0.766, 60-month AUC 0.812). The validation of BMS on overall survival of GSE31210 and GSE50081 also showed excellent predictive value (GSE31210, 12-month AUC 0.682, 36-month AUC 0.713, 60-month AUC 0.762; GSE50081, 12-month AUC 0.706, 36-month AUC 0.700, 60-month AUC 0.724). Further analyses showed high BMS was associated with pathways of cell cycle and DNA repair. A five-gene predictive model exhibits potential clinical utility for the prediction of postoperative brain metastasis and the individual management of patients with LUAD after radical resection. © 2020 UICC.Polycomb group (PcG) proteins play vital roles in plant development via epigenetically repressing the transcription of target genes. However, to date, their function in fruit ripening is largely unknown. Combining reverse genetic approaches, physiological methods, yeast two-hybrid, co-immunoprecipitation, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays, we show that Like Heterochromatin Protein 1b (SlLHP1b), a tomato Polycomb Repressive Complex 1 (PRC1)-like protein with a ripening-related expression pattern, represses fruit ripening via colocalization with epigenetic mark H3K27me3. RNAi-mediated downregulation of SlLHP1b advanced ripening initiation, climacteric ethylene production and fruit softening, whereas SlLHP1b overexpression delayed these events. Ripening-related genes were significantly up-regulated in SlLHP1b RNAi fruits and downregulated in overexpressing fruits compared with wild-type. Furthermore, SlLHP1b protein interacts with ripening regulator MSI1, a subunit of the PRC2 complex. Moreover, SlLHP1b also binds the epigenetic histone mark H3K27me3 in vivo and chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP)-qPCR results showed binding occurs preferentially to regions of ripening-associated chromatin marked by histone H3K27me3. Furthermore, the H3K27me3 levels in chromatin of ripening-related genes is negatively correlated with accumulation of their transcripts in SlLHP1b down- or up-regulated fruits during ripening. Our finding reveal a novel regulatory function of SlLHP1b in fruit and provide new insights into the PcG-mediated epigenetic regulation of climacteric fruit ripening. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Complete Table Top Exercise Manual.Preparing for public health emergencies is an ongoing process and involves a variety of approaches and tools. Tabletop exercises are one of the tools designed to simulate the emergence of a public health emergency and address some or all of the phases of emergency management mitigation, preparedness, response, and recovery.1 They typically are designed to include participation of stakeholders from diverse and complementary backgrounds, including command, operations, logistics, planning, and finance.2 Effective tabletop exercises provide a plausible scenario that require cooperation and communication from these functional areas. Tabletops also require forward thinking and planning in a variety of scenarios. When a public health emergency occurs, decision makers may be overwhelmed with decisions that need their immediate attention. KU60019 Tabletop exercises can provide a framework to help decision makers anticipate future challenges, which may provide the mental model encompassing knowledge and insights that inform both current and future decisions.OBJECTIVE To identify debris management best practices for planning and responding to debris-generating disaster events. METHODOLOGY Four best practice county case studies were selected through the responses of emergency management directors to an initial survey about debris management. Interviews were setup with the emergency management directors, and additional interviewees were identified through snowballing. Interviews were conducted, transcribed, and coded to identify six themes. RESULTS The six themes that were identified through the coding include debris management plans, challenges, collaboration, learning, communication, and debris operations. Case study interviewees identified their pre-event debris management plans as important for an effective and efficient debris management process. Interviewees also demonstrated a strong willingness to work together on debris management as well as an understanding of individual roles and responsibilities. Furthermore, interviewees address the concept of learning from past disaster events as a means of managing the uncertainty of disaster debris management.