Specifically, there was a significant increase in sitting-rising test scores from preintervention (M = 7.45, SD = 1.45) to postintervention (M = 8.04, SD = 1.36), t(42) = -5.21, P less then .001. Timed up and go scores demonstrated a significant decrease from preintervention (M = 8.85, SD = 1.32) to postintervention (M = 8.20, SD = 1.35), t(46) = 5.10, P less then .001. Five times sit-to-stand scores demonstrated a significant decrease from preintervention (M = 12.57, SD = 2.68) to postintervention (M = 10.46, SD = 2.06), t(46) = 6.62, P less then .001. Finally, significant increases in sit-and-reach scores were associated with improved functional performance (r = -.308, P = .03). CONCLUSION Findings suggest that flexibility training can be an effective mode of low-level exercise to improve functional outcomes. Static stretching may help to improve musculoskeletal health, promote autonomy, and decrease mortality in community-dwelling older adults.BACKGROUND Physical activity (PA) is critical to early child development, and child care is a key setting for promotion. The authors investigated differences in daily PA and sedentary behavior practices as well as physical environments between family child care (FCC) and group child care (GCC) settings for children aged 3-5 years in Canada. METHODS Group child care (n = 581) and FCC (n = 357) managers completed surveys assessing the implementation of PA promoting practices and description of their environments. Crosstabulation and chi-square tests of association were used to examine differences between GCC and FCC. RESULTS The prevalence of facilities implementing 120 minutes of active play (odds ratio [OR] 2.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.58-3.15), less then 30 minutes on screens (OR 1.35; 95% CI, 1.02-1.80), and 60-minute outdoors daily (OR 1.99; 95% CI, 1.4-2.9) was more likely in FCC compared with GCC. However, implementation of fundamental movement skill activities (OR 1.40; 95% CI, 1.01-1.92), breaking up prolonged sitting (OR 1.86; 95% CI, 1.36-2.5), and outdoor space for large group running games (OR 1.74; 95% CI, 1.07-2.83) were more likely in GCC. CONCLUSIONS Child care setting was associated with daily PA and sedentary practices and outdoor space for PA. Interventions to support PA in child care should be tailored to different settings and the facilitators explored.CONTEXT Elastic taping has been widely used for either to facilitate or to inhibit muscle contraction. The efficacy of elastic taping is allegedly ascribed to physiological mechanisms related to subcutaneous tissue and muscle stimulation as a result of tape tension and direction. However, the underlying mechanisms that support the use of elastic taping are still unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate changes in electrophysiological responses after 48 hours of tape application in different directions on the calf muscles of healthy individuals. DESIGN Within-subjects design. SETTING Research laboratory. CFI-402257 clinical trial PARTICIPANTS Twenty-seven physically active males (age 18.0 [4.2] y, height 1.65 [0.07] m, body mass 62.3 [10.3] kg) participated. INTERVENTIONS Soleus H-reflex responses were evoked through stimulation of the tibial posterior nerve with 2- to 4-second interval between stimuli (32 sweeps) for each condition (baseline without tape; facilitation tape applied from muscle origin to insertion; inhibition tape applied from muscle insertion to origin). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES The H-reflex amplitude values were normalized by the maximal direct response (Mmax). Parameters were estimated from a sigmoidal fit of the H-reflex recruitment curve (ascending limb). RESULTS No significant differences were found for the parameters derived from the recruitment curve of the H-reflex among the conditions (P > .05). CONCLUSIONS The authors’ findings showed that, irrespective of the direction of tape application, the elastic tape applied over the triceps surae does not generate any significant alteration on the excitability of the reflex pathway for different subpopulations of motor units. The authors therefore suggest a re-examination of the current recommendations on taping direction in clinical and sports activities.BACKGROUND In the three-dimensional kinematic analysis of the trunk during human locomotion, a multi-segmental rigid-body model would be a better representation for the trunk compared with a single rigid-body model with regard to goodness-of-fit. However, there is a trade-off between data fitting and the simplicity of the model. RESEARCH QUESTION This study aimed to determine the optimal number of rigid-body segments during walking and running using Akaike’s information criterion (AIC), which determines the model that has goodness-of-fit and is generalizable. METHODS Empirically obtained kinematic data for the trunk during walking and running were fitted by one-, two-, three-, and six-linked rigid-body models using a nonlinear optimization algorithm. The relative quality of these models was assessed using their bias-corrected AIC (AICc) value. RESULTS The AICc values of two- and three-linked rigid-body models were significantly smaller than those of one- or six-segment models for the walking trial. For the running trial, the AICc values of two-, three-, and six-segment models were significantly smaller than that of the single rigid-body model. DISCUSSION These results suggest that both two- and three-linked rigid-body models would be better than the one- and six-linked rigid-body representations for analyzing trunk movement during walking, whereas the two-, three-, and six-linked models would be comparably well-balanced models in terms of both the goodness-of-fit and generalizability for running analysis. BACKGROUND Genomic abnormalities in breast cancer have been described according to diverse conceptual frameworks, including histologic subtypes, clinical molecular subtypes, intrinsic DNA, RNA, and epigenetic profiles, and activated molecular pathways. METHODS The Cancer Genomics Consortium (CGC) Breast Cancer Workgroup performed an evidence based literature review to summarize current knowledge of clinically significant genomic alterations in breast cancer using CGC levels of evidence. Targetable or disease-defining alterations were prioritized. RESULTS We summarized genomic alterations in breast cancer within a framework of existing clinical tools for diagnosis, risk stratification, and therapeutic management. Using CGC levels of evidence, we catalog copy number profiles, gene expression profiles, and mutations in clinically significant genes. We also describe emerging molecular markers such as methylation profiling and immunotherapy biomarkers. CONCLUSION A summary of currently available information on breast cancer genomics will enhance precision medicine by serving as an interpretive resource for clinical laboratory geneticists, providing a foundation for future practice guidelines, and identifying knowledge gaps to address in future research.