We observed the growth of salt crystals in sulfate saline soil solution during evaporation at constant relative humidity and temperature and studied the formation mechanism of soil deformation induced by salt crystallization. The growth of salt crystals is recorded by images using a CCD camera under an optical microscope, and the solution supersaturation and crystallization pressure are calculated taking advantage of digital image processing. The growth of sodium sulfate multilayer crystals is observed conforming to the Kossel model. Moreover, it is estimated that the maximum growth rate in the longitudinal direction is almost ten times that in the lateral direction in large pore contribution to the nucleation barrier during crystal formation. The crystals act on the liquid film pushing away soil particles, achieving the “self-cleaning” effect finally. The liquid film shows elastic deformation property in a short time during crystal growth, demonstrating that crystallization pressure is exerted by the liquid film. During mirabilite crystal growth, the crystallization pressure values fluctuate within 0-12.57 MPa because the supersaturation of the film is consumed, destroying pores in sulfate saline soil and eventually expressed by salt expansion.Absinthe is an anise-flavored alcohol that is typically served by adding cold water to form a cloudy green louche, similar to the cloudy white louche of ouzo. This microemulsion formation, due to the competing interactions within the oil-alcohol-water system, has been termed the ouzo effect. Previous work has examined the ternary oil-alcohol-water phase diagram in ouzo and limoncello. Additional work has also characterized the droplet size and stability of microemulsions in ouzo, limoncello, and pastis. However, less work has been done to examine the effect of temperature on louche formation despite the fact that the louche is traditionally formed by adding ice cold water. This work demonstrates that both the maximum turbidity and the fraction of alcohol at maximum turbidity are temperature-dependent. The louche formation can be fit with a logistic curve, and the resulting fit parameters are linear with temperature. Optical images show that the increased turbidity correlates with an increase in the number of droplets in the microemulsion.The Qinshui basin is an important coal-accumulating basin in China, and its Late Paleozoic coal is an important source rock of coalbed methane in the basin. Its thermal evolution and gas generation characteristics determined the grade of coalbed methane resources, especially the coal measure free gas resources in the basin. Late Paleozoic coal samples were collected for organic geochemical analysis, a high-volatile bituminous coal was used for hydrous pyrolysis, to propose the thermal evolution characteristics, gas generation characteristics, thermal evolution, and free gas accumulation model, and the Ordos Basin is compared. The results show that the variation trends of various geochemical parameters are different with the increase in R o. Hydrous pyrolysis shows that the gas production potential of coal is excellent. The gases produced consist mainly of CH4, C2-, CO2, and H2. C2- is produced only before the simulated temperature of 550 °C, and oil is produced only before the temperature of 500 °C. The thermal evolution stages can be divided into the immature stage, symbiosis stage, wet gas stage, and dry gas stage, and the symbiosis stage can be divided into the preliminary stage and mainly gas stage. R o, T max, (2+3)MP/(1+9)MP, saturated+arene, V daf, and H/C can be used as indicators of the thermal evolution stages. On the plane, the distribution of thermal evolution stages of the Shanxi Formation and the Taiyuan Formation is very alike. The gas generating strength of the Taiyuan Formation is higher than that of the Shanxi Formation. The gas generating strength in the north of the Taiyuan Formation is higher, while that in the south of the Shanxi Formation is higher. The second gas generation stage has a good spatio-temporal configuration relationship with accumulation factors, and the gas production is large, which is beneficial to the enrichment of the coal measure free gas resources. Relatively, the Ordos Basin has better prospects for exploration and development.This study reports a novel method for the synthesis of silica nanoparticles (NPs) encapsulating near-infrared (NIR) fluorescent dyes through physical adsorption. Although a NIR cationic fluorescent dye, oxazine 725 (OXA), has no chemical bonding moiety toward silica NPs such as the triethoxysilyl group, the dyes were successfully incorporated into silica NPs without denaturation under the mild reaction conditions. Next, tannic acid (TA) molecules were coated in the presence of Fe3+ on the particle surface for the functionalization of silica NPs encapsulating OXA (OXA@SiO2 NPs). The TA coating on the surface of OXA@SiO2 NPs was confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The TA coating significantly contributed to the resistance improvement against photobleaching and leakage of the dyes in the NPs. Furthermore, the obtained TA-coated silica NPs encapsulating OXAs (OXA@SiO2@TA NPs) were used for the fluorescence imaging of African green monkey kidney (COS-7) cells, and it was shown that the fluorescence originated from OXA@SiO2@TA NPs was clearly observed in the COS-7 cells.The experimental investigations on the catalyst [Cp*Rh(OAc)2 and Cp*Ir (OAc)2)]-controlled [3 + 2] and [4 + 2] annulations of oximes with propargyl alcohols have been finished in our previous work and a supposed dual directing group-mediated reaction pathway has been deduced for the chemodivergent product synthesis. However, the detailed interaction modes of the dual directing groups binding with the corresponding metal center to achieve the above observed chemoselectivity remain unclear and even contradict. learn more For instance, the calculational traditional dual direct coupling transition states suggested that both Cp*Rh(OAc)2- and Cp*Ir(OAc)2-catalyzed reactions would generate five-membered indenamines as the dominant products via [3 + 2] annulation. To address this concern, herein, systematic DFT calculations combined with proof-of-concept experiments have been carried out. Accordingly, a novel and more favorable MIII-MV-MIII reaction mechanism, which involves an unprecedented HOAc together with a hydroxyl group-assisted reaction pathway in which the hydroxyl group acts as double effectors for the formation of M-O coordination and [MeO···H···O(CCH3)O···H···O] bonding interactions, was deduced.