Social power (the ability to control or influence another’s thoughts, feelings, or behaviors) and empathy (the ability to both share and understand the thoughts and feelings of others) are fundamental to social life. Here, we explore the relationship between social power and the ERP components associated with empathy for pain. Participants were induced into states of high and low social power via a double blind version of the episodic recall task (e.g., “recall a time you felt powerful”). Afterward, they completed a pain categorization task, viewing pictures of hands that were in pain or not in pain, from a first-person or third-person visual perspective. Whereas both high and low social power states were associated with enhanced N2 amplitudes when observing another in pain, only the high social power state was associated with an enhancement of the P3. Based on this pattern of data, we tentatively suggest that, whereas social power does not seem to impact the initial emotional response to observing another’s pain (as indexed by the N2), low social power might induce changes in the cognitive evaluation of another’s pain relative to high social power (as indexed by the P3). We discuss our findings in relation to the broader literature on power and empathy.Plant-colonizing fungi secrete a cocktail of effector proteins during colonization. After secretion, some of these effectors are delivered into plant cells to directly dampen the plant immune system or redirect host processes benefitting fungal growth. Other effectors function in the apoplastic space either as released proteins modulating the activity of plant enzymes associated with plant defense or as proteins bound to the fungal cell wall. For such fungal cell wall-bound effectors, we know particularly little about their molecular function. In this review, we describe effectors that are associated with the fungal cell wall and discuss how they contribute to colonization.

The latissimus dorsi flap is widely used in plastic surgery for covering the upper limb but also for reconstruction the function of the elbow or shoulder. We describe a case of a sarcoma of the anterior compartment of the arm, the surgical removal then the covering and reconstruction of the elbow flexion. This case was carried out by a unipolar pedicled flap of the latissimus dorsi.

Three steps were performed (excision, flap preparation and flap fixation). The functional results (muscle strength, MRC scale) and range of motion (ROM) were analyzed. We performed a small literature review to compare the results.

A complete excision (R0) was carried out with a good vitality of the latissimus dorsi flap. A rapid scarring was obtained, allowing an early start of adjuvant radiotherapy. Muscular strength was 33% less compared to preoperative, MRC scale was classified 4. ROM of the elbow were rated at -10/0/130. One year after the operation, the patient is still in remission.

Our functional results are comparable to those found in the literature. The muscle strength in our case appears to be superior, probably linked to a brachio-radialis muscle still functional. No difference in function has been found in the literature between a unipolar or a bipolar transfer of the latissimus dorsi. This case report confirms the reliable and effective nature of the latissimus dorsi flap. The use of this flap for reconstruction after sarcoma surgery has only few reports in the literature.

Our functional results are comparable to those found in the literature. The muscle strength in our case appears to be superior, probably linked to a brachio-radialis muscle still functional. No difference in function has been found in the literature between a unipolar or a bipolar transfer of the latissimus dorsi. This case report confirms the reliable and effective nature of the latissimus dorsi flap. The use of this flap for reconstruction after sarcoma surgery has only few reports in the literature.Arm cycling is a bimanual motor task used in medical rehabilitation and in sports training. Understanding how muscle coordination changes across different biomechanical constraints in arm cycling is a step toward improved rehabilitation approaches. This exploratory study aims to get new insights on motor control during arm cycling. To achieve our main goal, we used the muscle synergies analysis to test three hypotheses 1) body position with respect to gravity (sitting and supine) has an effect on muscle synergies; 2) the movement size (crank length) has an effect on the synergistic behavior; 3) the bimanual cranking mode (asynchronous and synchronous) requires different synergistic control. Thirteen able-bodied volunteers performed arm cranking on a custom-made device with unconnected cranks, which allowed testing three different conditions body position (sitting vs. supine), crank length (10 cm vs. 15 cm), and cranking mode (synchronous vs. asynchronous). For each of the eight possible combinations, subjectsnization of muscle activities. To our knowledge, this is the first study assessing motor control through muscle synergies framework during upper limb cycling with different constraints.We recently demonstrated in decerebrate and conscious cat preparations that hindlimb somatosensory inputs converge with vestibular afferent input onto neurons in multiple central nervous system (CNS) locations that participate in balance control. Although it is known that head position and limb state modulate postural reflexes, presumably through vestibulospinal and reticulospinal pathways, the combined influence of the two inputs on the activity of neurons in these brainstem regions is unknown. In the present study, we evaluated the responses of vestibular nucleus (VN) neurons to vestibular and hindlimb stimuli delivered separately and together in conscious cats. We hypothesized that VN neuronal firing during activation of vestibular and limb proprioceptive inputs would be well fit by an additive model. Extracellular single-unit recordings were obtained from VN neurons. 4-Aminobutyric in vitro Sinusoidal whole body rotation in the roll plane was used as the search stimulus. Units responding to the search stimulus were tested for their responses to 10° ramp-and-hold roll body rotation, 60° extension hindlimb movement, and both movements delivered simultaneously.