On the other hand, this financial strain was also positively related to students’ work hours while in the last semester of college, which was positively related to their odds of securing full-time employment upon graduation. Further mediation tests revealed that only the 3-stage indirect effect through job search strain (i.e., student loan debt → financial strain → job search strain → full-time employment) was statistically significant. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Although the service-profit chain posits that employees and customers are interrelated at the unit level (Heskett, Sasser, & Schlesinger, 1997), most theory and practice give primary emphasis to the employee. In this study, we sought to draw attention to the relatively neglected influence that customers may collectively have on employees. Specifically, we examined how collective customer perceptions of service quality relate to collective employee job satisfaction, service climate, and collective turnover (voluntary and involuntary). Using a sample of 294 bank branches, 1,975 employees, and 52,920 customers, modeled at the branch level over 2 years, we found that collective customer perceptions of service quality produced a stronger effect on collective employee job satisfaction and service climate than vice versa. We also provided the first tests demonstrating that collective customer perceptions of service quality significantly and independently influence collective voluntary turnover, even while simultaneously modeling collective employee job satisfaction and service climate. Further, we showed that the effects of collective turnover (voluntary and involuntary) are primarily related to collective customer perceptions and service climate, but through different paths. Although the turnover base rates are modest, these empirical findings highlight the role that collective customer perceptions can have in shaping collective employee attitudes, climate, and turnover and, thus, should be considered and replicated in future theory and research. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).OBJECTIVE Cognitive models of social anxiety disorder propose that maladaptive safety behaviors (SBs; i.e., behaviors intended to avoid, prevent, or manage threat) play an important maintaining role in the disorder. Though targeting these behaviors for elimination is one component of contemporary cognitive-behavioral therapies for social anxiety, it has rarely been examined as a specific treatment strategy, and, to our knowledge, it has not yet been examined in isolation as an intervention for social anxiety. The current study evaluated an SB reduction intervention for social anxiety that consisted of brief text message reminders. METHOD Individuals with elevated social anxiety (N = 94) were recruited from across the United States and randomized to receive one of two 1-month text message interventions consisting of 16 text message reminders to avoid SBs or focus on the present. Symptoms were assessed at pre- and posttreatment, as well as at 1-month follow-up. RESULTS Both treatments were associated with substantial symptom reduction. Compared to the present-focused text message condition, SB elimination led to lower SB frequency at posttreatment (sr² = .044, p = .048) and lower social anxiety at follow-up (sr² = .096, p = .005). CONCLUSIONS These preliminary findings provide novel evidence for the importance of SBs in social anxiety and suggest text message SB reduction may be an effective, highly accessible intervention for individuals with social anxiety. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved). TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03562650.OBJECTIVE Suicide ideators and suicide attempters might differ in 3 possible ways. First, they might differ in a simple way such that one or a small set of factors are both necessary and sufficient to distinguish between the 2 groups. #link# selleck compound , ideators and attempters might differ in a complicated way such that a specific combination of a large set of factors is necessary and sufficient for the distinction. Third, complex differences might exist many possible combinations of a large set of factors may be sufficient to distinguish the 2 groups, but no combination may be necessary. This study empirically examined these possibilities. METHOD Across 5 samples (total N = 3,869), univariate logistic regressions were conducted to test for simple differences. To test for complicated and complex differences, machine learning (ML) methods were used to identify the optimized algorithm with all variables. Subsequently, the same methods were repeated after removing the top 5 most important or discriminative variables, and a randomly selected 10% subset of variables. Multiple logistic regressions were conducted with all variables. RESULTS Results were consistent across samples. Univariate logistic regressions on average yielded chance-level accuracy. ML algorithms with all variables showed good accuracy; substantial deviation from the optimized algorithms through the removal of variables did not result in significantly poorer performance. Multiple logistic regressions produced poor to fair accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Differences between suicide ideators and attempters are complex. Findings suggest that their differences may be better understood on a psychological primitive level than a biopsychosocial factor level. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).BACKGROUND Air pollution contributes to an estimated six million deaths per year. Epidemiological and experimental studies show an association between air pollutant exposure and respiratory allergy. OBJECTIVE We aimed to write a narrative review of the epidemiology of air pollution-related respiratory-related allergic disorders (including asthma and allergic rhinitis) and the effects of air pollutants – with an emphasis on the particulate matter – on respiratory allergy-related health. METHODS PubMed Medline was searched, and representative epidemiologic and controlled-exposure studies were selected by using terms for air pollutants, particulate matter, and respiratory allergy including asthma and allergic rhinitis. RESULTS Epidemiological studies showed methodologic heterogeneity, including variability in study populations, geographical regions, types and sources of pollutants, methods for exposure estimation, approaches to controlling for confounding, and case definitions. This heterogeneity affected measures of association between studies.