The relations were largely consistent and significant among participants with different characteristics in the subgroup analyses. CONCLUSIONS Adopting healthy lifestyles is associated with substantial risk reduction in cancer morbidity and mortality, and thus should be given priority for cancer prevention.BACKGROUND Cause-specific and relative survival estimates differ. We aimed to examine these differences in common cancers where by possible identifying the most plausible sources of error in each estimate. METHODS Ten-year cause-specific and relative survival were estimated for lung, breast, prostate, ovary, oesophagus and colorectal cancers. The cause-specific survival was corrected for misclassification of cause of death. The Pohar-Perme relative survival estimator was modified by (1) correcting for differences in deaths from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) between cancers and general population; or (2) correcting the population hazard for smoking (lung cancer only). RESULTS For all cancers except breast and prostate, relative survival was lower than cause-specific. Correction for published error rates in cause of death gave implausible results. Correction for rates of IHD death gave slightly different relative survival estimates for lung, oesophagus and colorectal cancers. For lung cancer, when the population hazard was inflated for smoking, survival estimates were increased. CONCLUSION Results agreed with the consensus that relative survival is usually preferable. However, for some cancers, relative survival might be inaccurate (e.g. lung and prostate). Likely solutions include enhancing life tables to include other demographic variables than age and sex, and to stratify relative survival calculation by cause of death.BACKGROUND Circulating tumour cells (CTCs) can be assessed through a minimally invasive blood sample with potential utility as a predictive, prognostic and pharmacodynamic biomarker. The large heterogeneity of melanoma CTCs has hindered their detection and clinical application. METHODS Here we compared two microfluidic devices for the recovery of circulating melanoma cells. The presence of CTCs in 43 blood samples from patients with metastatic melanoma was evaluated using a combination of immunocytochemistry and transcript analyses of five genes by RT-PCR and 19 genes by droplet digital PCR (ddPCR), whereby a CTC score was calculated. Circulating tumour DNA (ctDNA) from the same patient blood sample, was assessed by ddPCR targeting tumour-specific mutations. RESULTS Our analysis revealed an extraordinary heterogeneity amongst melanoma CTCs, with multiple non-overlapping subpopulations. CTC detection using our multimarker approach was associated with shorter overall and progression-free survival. Finally, we found that CTC scores correlated with plasma ctDNA concentrations and had similar pharmacodynamic changes upon treatment initiation. CONCLUSIONS Despite the high phenotypic and molecular heterogeneity of melanoma CTCs, multimarker derived CTC scores could serve as viable tools for prognostication and treatment response monitoring in patients with metastatic melanoma.BACKGROUND In endometrioid endometrial cancer (EEC), current clinical algorithms do not accurately predict patients with lymph node metastasis (LNM), leading to both under- and over-treatment. We aimed to develop models that integrate protein data with clinical information to identify patients requiring more aggressive surgery, including lymphadenectomy. this website METHODS Protein expression profiles were generated for 399 patients using reverse-phase protein array. Three generalised linear models were built on proteins and clinical information (model 1), also with magnetic resonance imaging included (model 2), and on proteins only (model 3), using a training set, and tested in independent sets. Gene expression data from the tumours were used for confirmatory testing. RESULTS LNM was predicted with area under the curve 0.72-0.89 and cyclin D1; fibronectin and grade were identified as important markers. High levels of fibronectin and cyclin D1 were associated with poor survival (p = 0.018), and with markers of tumour aggressiveness. Upregulation of both FN1 and CCND1 messenger RNA was related to cancer invasion and mesenchymal phenotype. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate that data-driven prediction models, adding protein markers to clinical information, have potential to significantly improve preoperative identification of patients with LNM in EEC.Wnt/β-catenin signaling is implicated in many physiological processes, including development, tissue homeostasis, and tissue regeneration. In human cancers, Wnt/β-catenin signaling is highly activated, which has led to the development of various Wnt signaling inhibitors for cancer therapies. Nonetheless, the blockade of Wnt signaling causes side effects such as impairment of tissue homeostasis and regeneration. Recently, several studies have identified cancer-specific Wnt signaling regulators. In this review, we discuss the Wnt inhibitors currently being used in clinical trials and suggest how additional cancer-specific regulators could be utilized to treat Wnt signaling-associated cancer.The associations between blood pressure parameters and intracranial vulnerable plaques have not been fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the associations between systemic blood pressure parameters, as well as their variability, and intraplaque hemorrhage (IPH) in stroke patients with intracranial atherosclerosis. We retrospectively analyzed the high-resolution MRI data set of intracranial atherosclerosis from a comprehensive stroke center. The atherosclerotic plaque burden and presence of IPH in each vessel were obtained from vessel wall imaging. Blood pressure parameters in the first week of admission were used. The systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), pulse pressure (PP), and their variability (standard deviation [SD] and coefficient of variation [CV]) were compared between the IPH (+) and IPH (-) groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to demonstrate the correlations between different blood pressure parameters and IPH. The results indicated that SBP and PP were associated with multiple plaques and severe luminal stenosis after adjusting for confounders, with OR = 1.