In this work, using DFT calculations, we investigated Lewis acidities of carbon (in activated carbonyl group) in comparison to the B(C6 F5 )3 in combination with dioxane as the Lewis base (LB) for metal-free catalysis of heterolytic H2 splitting and hydrogenation of carbonyl compounds. We found that in case of carbon as the Lewis acid (LA) the reaction is controlled by frontier molecular orbital interactions between the H2 and LA-LB fragments at shorter distances. The steric effects can be reduced by electrophilic substitutions on the carbonyl carbon. Synergic combination between stronger orbital interactions and reduced steric effects can lower the barrier of the H2 splitting below 10 kcal/mol. With the B(C6 F5 )3 , the H2 splitting is controlled by electrostatic interactions, which cause to form an early transition state. An advantage of employing Lewis acidity of the activated carbonyl carbon for hydrogenation is that the hydride-type attack and hydrogenation of the C=O bond occur in a single step throughout H2 splitting. Hence, stronger Lewis acidity of the C(C=O) reinforces hydrogenation without prohibition of the hydride delivery.Salinization is a global phenomenon affecting ecosystems and forcing freshwater organisms to deal with increasing levels of ionic stress. However, our understanding of mechanisms that permit salt tolerance in amphibians is limited. This study investigates mechanisms of salt tolerance in locally adapted, coastal populations of a treefrog, Hyla cinerea. Using a common garden experiment, we (i) determine the extent that environment (i.e., embryonic and larval saltwater exposure) or genotype (i.e., coastal vs. inland) affects developmental benchmarks and transcriptome expression, and (ii) identify genes that may underpin differences in saltwater tolerance. Differences in gene expression, survival, and plasma osmolality were most strongly associated with genotype. Population genetic analyses on expressed genes also delineated coastal and inland groups based on genetic similarity. Coastal populations differentially expressed osmoregulatory genes including ion transporters (atp1b1, atp6V1g2, slc26a), cellular adhesion components (cdh26, cldn1, gjb3, ocln), and cytoskeletal components (odc1-a, tgm3). Several of these genes are the same genes expressed by euryhaline fish after exposure to freshwater, which is a novel finding for North American amphibians and suggests that these genes may be associated with local salinity adaptation. Coastal populations also highly expressed glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase 1 (gpd1), which indicates they use glycerol as a compatible osmolyte to reduce water loss – another mechanism of saltwater tolerance previously unknown in frogs. These data signify that Hyla cinerea inhabiting coastal, brackish wetlands have evolved a salt-tolerant ecotype, and highlights novel candidate pathways that can lead to salt tolerance in freshwater organisms facing habitat salinization.Reduction of mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψm ) is a hallmark of mitochondrial dysfunction. It activates adaptive responses in organisms from yeast to human to rewire metabolism, remove depolarized mitochondria, and degrade unimported precursor proteins. It remains unclear how cells maintain Δψm , which is critical for maintaining iron-sulfur cluster (ISC) synthesis, an indispensable function of mitochondria. Here, we show that yeast oxidative phosphorylation mutants deficient in complex III, IV, V, and mtDNA, respectively, exhibit activated stress responses and progressive reduction of Δψm . learn more Extensive omics analyses of these mutants show that these mutants progressively activate adaptive responses, including transcriptional downregulation of ATP synthase inhibitor Inh1 and OXPHOS subunits, Puf3-mediated upregulation of import receptor Mia40 and global mitochondrial biogenesis, Snf1/AMPK-mediated upregulation of glycolysis and repression of ribosome biogenesis, and transcriptional upregulation of cytoplasmic chaperones. These adaptations disinhibit mitochondrial ATP hydrolysis, remodel mitochondrial proteome, and optimize ATP supply to mitochondria to convergently maintain Δψm , ISC biosynthesis, and cell proliferation.The Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) is a widely distributed marine bivalve of great ecological and economic importance. In this study, we provide a high-quality chromosome-level genome assembled using Pacific Bioscience long reads and Hi-C-based and linkage-map-based scaffolding technologies and a high-resolution variation map constructed using large-scale resequencing analysis. The 586.8 Mb genome consists of 10 pseudochromosome sequences ranging from 38.6 to 78.9 Mb, containing 301 contigs with an N50 size of 3.1 Mb. A total of 30,078 protein-coding genes were predicted, of which 22,757 (75.7%) were high-reliability annotations supported by a homologous match to a curated protein in the SWISS-PROT database or transcript expression. Although a medium level of repeat components (57.2%) was detected, the genomic content of the segmental duplications reached 26.2%, which is the highest among the reported genomes. By whole genome resequencing analysis of 495 Pacific oysters, a comprehensive variation map was built, comprised of 4.78 million single nucleotide polymorphisms, 0.60 million short insertions and deletions, and 49,333 copy number variation regions. The structural variations can lead to an average interindividual genomic divergence of 0.21, indicating their crucial role in shaping the Pacific oyster genome diversity. The large amount of mosaic distributed repeat elements, small variations, and copy number variations indicate that the Pacific oyster is a diploid organism with an extremely high genomic complexity at the intra- and interindividual level. The genome and variation maps can improve our understanding of oyster genome diversity and enrich the resources for oyster molecular evolution, comparative genomics, and genetic research.

High myopic patients may develop strabismus due to globe dislocation out of the normal extraocular muscle cone. Surgical correction of this strabismus type is possible by joining the superior and lateral rectus muscles without the need for a scleral suture called the Yokoyama procedure. Data from large patient samples and the evaluation of a potential effect of an additional medial rectus recession (MRR) have been lacking so far.

We pooled retrospective patient data of 14 departments of ophthalmology in Germany and Switzerland and analysed determinants of postoperative results using multivariable regression models.

We included 133 patients (mean age 59.7 ± 13.4 years, surgery between 2008 and 2017) with a mean preoperative esotropia (both Yokoyama with and without MRR) of 23.8°±4.6°. The angle of preoperative esotropia increased with age. The postoperative esotropia was 8.7° ± 9.9°, and six patients were overcorrected. While preoperative esotropia was highly associated with postoperative results, we found no association of additional MRR with any of our postoperative outcome measures.